Ancient Origins of Candles
Early candles appeared in ancient civilizations as a practical way to provide light. The Romans are often credited with developing wicked candles by repeatedly dipping papyrus in melted tallow or beeswax. In China and Japan, candles were made from local fats and waxes, while in India, candles were crafted from the wax of boiling cinnamon bark. These early lighting tools served homes, temples, and travelers long before electric light existed.
Middle Ages and Beeswax Candles
During the Middle Ages in Europe, tallow candles remained common for everyday use, but beeswax candles gained importance in churches and wealthy households. Beeswax burned cleaner and produced less smoke than animal fat, making it preferred for indoor religious ceremonies. Candlemakers, known as chandlers, often sold candles door to door or operated small shops in growing towns.
Modern Candle Materials and Production
The 19th century brought major changes to candle production. The development of paraffin wax, derived from petroleum, created a cheaper, consistent material that replaced tallow for many households. Later, stearin and blended waxes improved burn time and brightness. Today, candles use paraffin, soy, coconut, and other plant-based waxes, serving mainly for ambiance, fragrance, and decoration rather than primary lighting.
For more on the evolution of lighting, see Candle | Britannica.
